Cloning, expression and use of acid phospholipases

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a DNA sequence that encodes a polypeptide with phospholipase activity and was isolated from Aspergillus and sequences derived therefrom, polypeptides with phospholipase activity encoded by these sequences as well as the use of these polypeptides for degumming of vegetable oil, for the preparation of dough and/or bakery products, for the preparation of dairy products, for processing steps in the textile industry and for related applications.

The invention refers to new DNA sequences that encode polypeptides withphospholipase activity. The invention also relates to new polypeptideswith phospholipase activity. These polypeptides are acid phospholipaseswith high thermostability. Moreover, the invention relates to use ofthese phospholipases for the reduction of phosphorus-containingcompounds, for example, in the production of edible oils, as well as theuse of this phospholipase as bakery improver, animal feed additive,additive in the processing of textile raw materials etc.

Phospholipids such as lecithin and phosphatidyl choline consist ofglycerol esterfied with two fatty acids at the terminal (sn-1) positionand the middle (sn-2) position of the glycerol and one ester-boundphosphate group at the third position (sn-3). The phosphate group itselfmay be esterfied with, e.g., amino alcohols. Phospholipases catalyze thehydrolysis of the acyl binding or the ester binding of phospholipids.There are different types of phospholipases differing in their cleavagepattern. Regarding the acyl-cleaving phospholipases, it is distinguishedbetween phospholipases A1 and A2, which hydrolyze the acyl group eitherat the sn-1 position or at the sn-2 position and producelysophospholipids along the way. For this reason the remaining fattyacid may be hydrolyzed by the lysophospholipase (LPL). No positionselectivity is known for the lysophospholipases.

Phospholipases of type B, which partly hydrolyze both acyl groupsvirtually simultaneously without the formation of an intermediate to thelysolecithin being observed, are described in literature (FEMSMicrobiol. Let. 18 (1983) 15-18; Annu. Rev. Biochem. 41 (1972) 129-160).Such as for, e.g., the PLB1 and PLB3 activity of Saccharomycescerevisiae (Biochemistry May 4, 1999; 38(18):5864-5871), this is oftencaused by the fact that the enzyme has much more LPL activity thanPLA_(n) activity. Pure lysophospholipases without phospholipase sideactivity may not separate fatty acids from phospholipids having fattyacids at the positions sn-1 and sn-2.

The above-described phospholipases of type A, the amino acid sequenceand/or nucleic acid sequence of which are/is known, can be divided in 2groups.

-   -   a) The group of the phospholipases of type A with a molecular        weight of about 30-40 kDa. The following phospholipases from the        state of the art are part of this group: WO 98/31790 (AB Enzymes        GmbH) discloses that a suitable phospholipase A for degumming of        edible oil was found in Aspergillus niger. The protein (36 kDa)        only shows phospholipase activity after proteolytic cleavage,        whereby the two fragments (30+6 kDa) remain connected via        disulphide bridges. The enzyme cleaves lecithin into        lysolecithin, but it is also able to cleave lysolecithin        further, e.g., to phosphatidyl choline. WO 98/26057 discloses a        phospholipase A from Fusarium sp. with a molecular weight of        29±10 kDa and an isoelectric point between pI 4.5-8.        JP-10-155493 A2 discloses a phospholipase A1 from A. oryzae (295        aa); WO 02/24881 dislcoses a phospholipase A from the yeast        Zygosascus hellenicus (407 aa) with an isoelectric point pI of        about 4.2, and JP 03151879 discloses a bacterial phospholipase        from Pseudomonas sp. with a molecular weight of about 30 kDa.        -   Moreover, EP 0 575 133 A2 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,874, U.S.            Pat. No. 5,378,623, U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,080) discloses            phospholipases A1 from Aspergillus with a molecular weight            of 30-40 kDa and a pI of 2.8-4.5, however, without            indicating sequence information. Furthermore, these patent            specifications do not include any details or strategies to            obtain the respective DNA by cloning.    -   b) The group of the phospholipases of type A with a molecular        weight of about 60-100 kDa. It comprises: phospholipases from        Hyphozyma, a yeast-like fungus, described in WO 98/18912, and        phospholipases from Aspergillus niger as disclosed in WO        03/097825.

Moreover, phospholipases of type B are mentioned in literature. They arelysophospholipases that may additionally show very little phospholipaseA activity.

-   -   c) The sequences of several enzymes with molecular weights of        45-100 kDa are known. They include the PLB from Aspergillus        niger (WO 01/27251, WO 03/097825), the PLB from Aspergillus        fumigatus (Shen et al. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004, 239        (1):87-93), the PLB from Aspergillus oryzae (WO 01/27251 & WO        01/29222), the PLB from Fusarium venenatum and Fusarium        verticillioides (WO 00/28044), the PLB from Penicillium notatum,        also referred to as P. chrysogenum (N. Masuda et al., Eur. J.        Biochem., 202: 783-787 (1991)), the PLB 1-3 from Saccharomyces        cerevisiae (Lee et al., 1994 J. Biol. Chem. 269: 19725-19730,        Merkel et al., 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 28121-28127), the PLB        from Torulaspora delbrueckii (former designation: Saccharomyces        rosei) (Watanabe et al., 1994, FEMS Microbiology Letters 124:        29-34), Kluyveromyces lactis (Oishi et al., 1999 Biosci.        Biotechnol.

Biochem. 63: 83-90), Neurospora crassa (EMBL 042791) andSchizosaccharomyces pombe (EMBL O13857).

-   -   d) Several sequences of enzymes with a molecular weight of 30-40        kDa are known. They include the lysophospholipase from        Aspergillus foetidus, EP 0 808 903, the PLB from A. niger, WO        01/27251 and WO 03/097825, the PLB1 and PLB2 from Candida        albicans (J. Biol. Chem. 273 (40): 26078-26086, 1998, Medical        Mycology 37:61-67, 1998), and the PLB from Pseudomonas PS21, JP        03151879.

Furthermore, WO 2004/097012 discloses “core peptides” of knownphospholipases A2 with increased phospholipase activity.

WO 00/32758, WO 03/060112 and WO 2004/111216 disclose methods to obtainenzyme variants that show a different lipase activity or phospholipaseactivity by means of “protein engineering” of known lipases, e.g., fromThermomyces lanuginosus and other phospholipases.

WO 02/066622 discloses new genes with high homology to the genes of theThermomyces lanuginosus lipase as well as their use for gene shufflingto produce new lipolytic enzymes.

Phospholipases are used, e.g., for degumming of edible oils.Non-hydratizable phospholipids are thereby made water soluble byphospholipases, and are, thus, gently, cost-efficiently andenvironmentally friendly removed from the edible oil. The patent EP 0513 709 B2 (Röhm GmbH/Metallgesellschaft AG, today AB Enzymes GmbH/mgtechnologies ag) discloses for the first time an effective enzymaticprocess for degumming. An edible oil that was previously degummed withwater is thereby emulsified with an aqueous solution of a phospholipase.After the hydrolysis, the aqueous phase and the cleavage products of thephosphorus-containing compounds contained therein are separated. Theenzymatic degumming process was introduced into the edible oil industryas “EnzyMax Process” by the company Lurgi. DE-A43 39 556 discloses asanother variant of this process the re-use of the enzyme by separatingthe enzyme from a used, muddy aqueous phase by addition of tensides orsolubilizers and re-using it as extensively mud-free, enzyme-containingsolution. Lysophospholipases, enzymes that are only able to cleavelysolecithin, are ineffective in the degumming process.

Phospholipases are also manifoldly used in the food industry and theanimal feed industry, e.g., for the preparation of dough, for thepreparation of bakery products, for the preparation of dairy productsetc. Thus, there is a need for phospholipases that can be versatilelyused in technology.

Phospholipases are also used in the textile industry for bioscouring topurify the plant fibre before the further processing steps such as,e.g., the colorization. A mixture of phospholipase together with otherenzymes may also be used here. The other enzymes may be selected fromthe group of cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases, proteases andoxidoreductases.

Further fields of application of phospholipases are mayonnaiseproduction, treatment of dairy products or their use in leatherprocessing (JP-A 7-177884).

Therefore, the task of providing proteins or polypeptides with improvedphospholipase properties was the base for this invention. The newphospholipases are particularly not to show lipase activity relevant intechnological processes. The proteins with phospholipase activity are tohave an increased thermostability in particular.

Moreover, the proteins with phospholipase activity are to be producedsimply, cost-efficiently and commercially. Furthermore, expressionconstructs according to the invention, which are suitable for theproduction of the proteins with phospholipase activity, are to beprovided.

The aforementioned tasks are solved by a DNA sequence that encodes apolypeptide with phospholipase activity characterized in that the DNAsequence is selected from a) DNA sequences that comprise a nucleotidesequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1, b) DNA sequences that comprise theencoding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1, c) DNA sequences thatencode the protein sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2, d) DNA sequencesthat are encoded by the plasmid B11B1Hind6 with the restriction mapaccording to FIG. 8 and deposited under the accession number DSM 18369,e) DNA sequences that hybridize with one of the DNA sequences accordingto a), b), c) or d) under stringent conditions, f) DNA sequences thatare related to the DNA sequences according to a), b), c), d) or e) dueto the degeneracy of the genetic code, and g) complementary strands tothe sequences according to a) to f).

The invention also relates to a polypeptide with phospholipase activity,selected from a) a polypeptide that is encoded by the coding part of oneof the aforementioned DNA sequences, b) a polypeptide with the sequenceaccording to SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence derived therefrom, which may beobtained by substitution, addition, deletion of one or more aminoacid(s) therefrom, c) a polypeptide with a sequence that shows at least92% identity to the amino acids 33 to 633 of SEQ ID NO: 2, d) apolypeptide that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizesunder stringent conditions with (i) the nucleotides 530 to 2388 of SEQID NO: 1, (ii) the cDNA sequence included in the nucleotides 530 to 2388of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) a partial sequence of (i) or (ii) of at least 100nucleotides, or (iv) a complementary strand of (i), (ii) or (iii), e) avariant of the polypeptide with SEQ ID NO: 2 comprising a substitution,deletion and/or insertion of one or more amino acid(s), f) allelicvariants to the amino acid sequences a) to e).

Furthermore, the invention relates to expression constructs or hoststhat are able to express polypeptides with phospholipase activityaccording to the invention. Moreover, the invention also relates therespective expression plasmids and vectors. Furthermore, the inventionrelates to processes for degumming of vegetable oil by means of thepolypeptides according to the invention as well as the use of thepolypeptides according to the invention for applications in the field offood technology, in particular for the preparation of dough, bakeryproducts or dairy products or in animal nutrition and in the processingof textile raw materials, the so-called scouring or bioscouring.

The sequences of phospholipases stated in the above state of the art areexpressis verbis excluded from the scope of protection of the invention.The sequences of the proteins with phospholipase activity as well as therespective DNA sequences of the following documents are particularlyexcluded from the scope of protection of the invention: WO 01/27251, WO2004/111216, WO 2004/097012, WO 03/060112, WO 02/24881, WO 00/28044, WO00/32758, WO 03/097825, EP 999 73 065.8 as well as correspondingdivisional applications. The exclusion of the sequences refers to thesedocuments in their entirety as well as individually and in anycombination.

It was surprisingly found that a DNA sequence that encodes a polypeptidewith phospholipase activity that has a high molecular weight and anincreased thermostability may be isolated from a strain of the genusAspergillus fumigatus. This phospholipase is an acid phospholipasederiving from a filamentous fungus with a calculated molecular weight of65 kDa, which is able to hydrolyze at least one of the two fatty acidsfrom lecithin. This enzyme is further characterized in that the proteinmay be cleaved into two fragments under denaturing conditions. Afragment with 34 kDa or 20 kDa after deglycosylation with N-glycosidaseF and a fragment of about 72 kDa (after deglycosylation withN-glycosidase F of 54 kDa) thereby develops. These fragments do not onlyshow N-glycosylation but also O-glycosylation as the comparison with themolecular weight derived from the amino acid sequence shows (18.4 and46.6 kDa).

Under the conditions of enzymatic degumming of edible oil, thisphospholipase does not show any lipase activity relevant for thisprocess and can, thus, be advantageously used in a process for enzymaticdegumming of edible oils, since it hydrolyzes no or only not noteworthyportions of triglyceride compounds. Moreover, the phospholipaseaccording to the invention already shows complete phospholipase activitywithout proteolytic cleavage in contrast to the phospholipases of thestate of the art (for example, WO 98/31790). As opposed to thepolypeptides with phospholipase activity known from the state of theart, the phospholipases according to the invention have an increasedthermostability and can, thus, also be beneficially used in processes ofenzymatic degumming at higher temperatures. This is of particulareconomic interest, since the temperature of the oil does not have to thelowered in the degumming processes first to make enzymatic degummingpossible without inactivation of the enzyme, and subsequently thetemperature of the oil has to be increased to lower the viscosity of theoil for the centrifugation step for separating the oil phases from thewater phases. The increased thermostability of the polypeptides withphospholipase activity according to the invention is also advantageousfor other applications in the field of food technology and animalnutrition and in textile processing, respectively.

Phospholipases with a high molecular weight of filamentous fungi encodedby the above-cited sequences have temperature optima of 25° to 55° C.The present enzyme according to the invention also shows 6 h of activityif applied at 65° C. A repeated use of the enzyme during severaldegumming cycles is also possible at higher temperatures.

The increased thermostability of the phospholipase of the invention wassurprising and not obvious on the basis of the phospholipases describedin the state of the art. These properties are neither described nor evenrendered obvious by any of the naturally occurring phospholipases offilamentous fungi described in the state of the art.

Since there are no publications on thermostable phospholipases offilamentous fungi and, thus, also no indications as to which structuralelements (helices, β-sheets, loops) must be especially designed in aphospholipase (existence of ionic interactions via charged amino acidsand, if possible, polyvalent ions, disulphide bridges, van-der-Waalsinteractions, hydrophobic interactions) to guarantee a highthermostability, it was not possible to predict that the detectedphospholipase would have these properties.

The genes of the family of “GX” lipases in the broadest sense, thephospholipases and lysophospholipase being also part of them, show thatlittle changes in the sequence strongly influence the properties of theenzyme that is encoded by this sequence. This is shown, e.g., in theapplication WO 03/060112. This application describes a process forproducing variants of lipolytic enzymes. Alterations in the substratespecificity are thereby obtained by random mutagenesis, not by specific,directed mutations. This application also shows that despite highhomology in the sequence, the property of the enzyme encoded therefrommay not be predicted. This lacking correlation between DNA sequence andencoded enzyme as well as differences in the codon usage by theindividual strands do not allow for a derivation of primers from knownsequences to detect new sequences with specific properties such as highthermostability and low lipase activity.

According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a polypeptidewith phospholipase activity characterized in that it has a molecularweight in the range of 63 to 76 kDa and may also be present as fragmentsof 18.4 kDa to 46.6 kDa (unglycosylated), may hydrolyze at least one ofthe two fatty acids from lecithin, shows no lipase activity, has anincrease thermostability and may be isolated from an organism of thegenus Aspergillus.

Increased thermostability thereby means that the enzyme maintains anactivity of at least 80% for at least 6 h at a temperature of 65° C.under the conditions of the oil degumming with a low water content of1-5%.

The phospholipase sequence according to the invention and SEQ ID NO: 2were compared to phospholipase sequences of the state of the art. A highmatching with the amino acid sequence from Aspergillus niger known fromWO 03/097825 on the level of the amino acid sequence was found, i.e.,the matching was 74%.

The phospholipase sequence according to the invention and SEQ ID NO: 1was compared to lysophospholipase sequences of the state of the art,since they may partly show very low phospholipase activity; however,they are lysophspholipases by definition. The sequence SEQ ID: 1 showsthe highest identity of 91% with the sequence from (Shen et al., FEMSMicrobiol. Letters 2004, 239 (1): 87-93) with the accession numberAAQ85122 and 76% identity with sequence 8 from U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,225(WO 01/027251), which is derived from Aspergillus oryzae. In spite ofthe high matching in the amino acid sequence, they are differentenzymes. The enzyme according to the invention shows a predominantphospholipase activity; the enzymes from Shen et al. 2004 and U.S. Pat.No. 6,759,225 are referred to as lysophospholipase. Enzyme activity dataon their potential phospholipase activity are not available from thementioned publications.

Thus, the invention also relates to polypeptides with phospholipaseactivity with a sequence that has at least 92% identity to the sequenceaccording to SEQ ID NO: 1. The invention preferably relates to apolypeptide with phospholipase activity with a sequence that has atleast 92% identity to amino acids 33 to 633 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The degreeof identity to amino acids 33 to 633 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is preferably atleast 95%, more preferred at least 97% and particularly preferred atleast 98% provided that the respective sequences show phospholipaseactivity.

The degree of sequence identity is thereby determined in such a way thatthe number of residues of the shorter sequence that is involved in thecomparison and has a “corresponding” counterpart in the other sequenceis determined. For the purposes of the present invention the identity isthereby preferably determined in the usual manner by means of the usualalgorithms. According to the invention, only the cDNAs or amino acids ofthe respective mature proteins are used for the comparison. Similar,preferably identical, sequence counterparts were determined according tothe invention as homologue sequences by means of known computerprograms. An example of such a program is the program Clone ManagerSuite, which includes the program part Align Plus and is distributed byScientific & Educational Software, Durham, N.C., U.S.A. A comparisonbetween two DNA sequences or amino acid sequences as defined above isthereby carried out under the option local alignment either according tothe FastScan—MaxScore method or according to the Needleman-Wunschmethod, keeping the default values. The program version “Clone Manager 7Align Plus 5” with the functions “Compare Two Sequences/Local FastScan-Max Score/Compare DNA sequences” or for amino acids “Compare TwoSequences/Global/Compare sequences as Amino Acids” was particularly usedto calculate the identity according to the invention. The algorithmsmade available by the following sources were thereby used: Hirschberg,D. S. 1975. A linear space algorithm for computing longest commonsubsequences. Commun Assoc Comput Mach 18:341-343; Myers, E. W. and W.Miller. 1988. Optimal alignments in linear space. CABIOS 4:1, 11-17;Chao, K-M, W. R. Pearson and W. Miller. 1992. Aligning two sequenceswithin a specified diagonal band. CABIOS 8:5, 481-487.

The invention further relates to addition molecules and/or deletionmolecules of the aforementioned polypeptides with phospholipaseactivity. Thus, a polypeptide with phospholipase activity modifiedaccording to the invention may be elongated by adding further sequencesat the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end, whereby the thus obtained aminoacid sequences have to show phospholipase activity. Hybrid molecules,which have further advantageous properties, may be thereby produced. Forexample, suspension proteins or their native precursor forms may beadded to proteins largely secreted, which further increases secretionefficiency. Moreover, active sequence parts of other enzymes may beadded to produce enzymes with multiple specificity. Furthermore, polarand non-polar sequences may be added to influence the solubilityproperties or the membrane mobility of the thus obtained enzyme in adesired way.

Sequence segments of the polypeptide with phospholipase activity mayalso be deleted according to the invention, keeping the phospholipaseactivity. The mutations, elongations and shortenings may be conducted ina way known per se and with methods well known in the state of the art.Shortened polypeptides are often characterized by an increased secretionheight compared to the full-length polypeptides. They may also showhigher thermostabilities compared to the full-length polypeptide, sincethey only contain the “compressed core”.

The production of such variants is generally known in the state of theart. For example, amino acid sequence variants of the polypeptides maybe produced by mutation in the DNA. Processes for mutagenesis andchanges in the nucleotide sequence are well known in the state of theart (cf., for example, Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:488(1985), Kunkel et al., Methods in Enzymol., 154:367 (1987), U.S. Pat.No. 4,873,192, Walker und Gaastra, eds., Techniques in MolecularBiology, Mac Millan Publishing Company, New York (1983)). Details onappropriate amino acid substitutions that do not negatively influencethe biological activity of the protein of interest can be found in themodel by Dayhoff et al., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Natl.Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C. (1978). Conservative substitutionssuch as the replacement of an amino acid by another with similarproperties are preferred. These replacements may be divided into twomain groups with altogether four subgroups, and a replacement in eachsubgroup is referred to as negative replacement, which does preferablynot influence the activity or the folding of the protein.

aliphatic non-polar G A P I L V polar and uncharged C S T M N Q polarand charged D E K R aromatic H F W Y

The expressions “protein”, “peptide” and “polypeptide” are primarilyused interchangeably. A polypeptide or enzyme with phospholipaseactivity or a phospholipase is to refer to an enzyme that catalyzes therelease of fatty acids from phospholipids, for example, lecithins. Thephospholipase activity may be determined by use of any assay known perse and using one of these substrates.

In connection with the polypeptides according to the invention theexpressions “phospholipase” or phospholipase A are to refer to enzymeswith phospholipase A1 activity as well as phospholipase A2 activity.Phospholipase A1 or A2 is thereby defined according to the standardenzyme EC classification as EC 3.1.1.2 or 3.1.1.4. Phospholipase B orlysophospholipase are polypeptides according to the standard enzyme ECclassification EC 3.1.1.5.

The invention also relates to DNA sequences that encode a polypeptidewith phospholipase activity, comprising mutations, modifications orvariations of the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1. Furthermore, theinvention also relates to sequences that hybridize with theaforementioned sequences under relaxed or stringent conditions. Thefollowing conditions are considered as stringent: hybridization at 65°C., 18 h in dextran sulphate solution (GenescreenPlus, DuPont),subsequently washing of the filter for 30 min each, first with 6×SSC,twice 2×SSC, twice 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS and finally with 0.2×SSC at 65° C.(membrane transfer and detection methods, Amersham).

Furthermore, the invention also relates to DNA sequences that arerelated to the above sequences according to the invention due to thedegeneracy of the genetic code as well as allelic variants thereof. Thedegeneracy of the genetic code may thereby result from the naturaldegeneracy or an especially selected codon usage. Naturally occurringallelic variants may be identified by means of well-known techniques ofmolecular biology such as, for example, the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and hybridization techniques.

The invention also relates to a process for the production of apolypeptide with phospholipase activity using recombinant techniquescomprising the growing of recombinant prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic hostcells that comprise a DNA sequence according to the invention underconditions that support the expression of the enzyme as well as thesubsequent exploitation of the enzyme. The invention also relates to theuse of the polynucleotide sequences according to the invention for theproduction of probes to detect similar sequences that encode respectiveenzymes in other organisms as well as for the transformation of hostcells.

A DNA sequence that encodes a polypeptide according to the invention maybe used to transform any host cells such as, for example, cells offungi, yeasts, bacteria, plants or mammals. Cells transformed in such away are characterized by a secretion of the phospholipase according tothe invention. The thus produced phospholipase enzyme results in anefficient hydrolysis of the fatty acids from phospholipids.

The invention also relates to expression cassettes that may be used tointroduce a DNA sequence encoding a phospholipase according to theinvention or an open reading frame into a host cell. They preferablycomprise a transcription start region that is connected with the openreading frame. Such an expression cassette may comprise a variety ofrestriction cleavage sites for inserting the open reading frame and/orother DNAs, e.g., a transcription regulator region and/or selectablemarker genes. The transcription cassette comprises in 5′→3′ direction ofthe transcription a transcription start region and a translation startregion, the DNA sequence of interest and a transcription stop region andtranslation stop region that is functional in a microbial cell. Thetermination region may be native regarding the transcription initiationregion, may be native regarding the DNA sequence of interest and may bederived from any other source.

The expression “open reading frame” (ORF) refers to the amino acidsequence that is encoded between the translation start codons andtranslation stop codons of a coding sequence. The expressions “startcodon” and “stop codon” refer to a unit of three contiguous nucleotides(codons) in a coding sequence, specifying the chain start and chain stopof the protein synthesis (mRNA translation).

In connection with a nucleic acid “operative linkage” refers to acompound as a part of the same nucleic acid molecule in an appropriateposition to and orientation on the transcription start of the promoter.DNA in functional connection to a promoter is located under thetranscription initiation regulation of the promoter. Coding sequencesmay be operatively linked with the regulator sequence in senseorientation or antisense orientation. Regarding polypeptides, operativelinkage means the connection as part of the same polypeptide, i.e., viapeptide bindings.

According to the invention, any promoter may be used. Promoter usuallyrefers to the nucleotide sequence upstream (5′) to the coding sequenceand controls the expression of the coding sequence by providing therecognition of the RNA polymerase and other factors that are necessaryfor the correct transcription. The promoter used according to theinvention may comprise a minimal promoter, i.e., a short DNA sequencefrom a TATA box and other sequences that specify the transcription startsite to which regulator elements are attached for expression control.

The promoter used according to the invention may also comprise anucleotide sequence that comprises a minimal promoter and regulatorelements and may control the expression of a coding sequence orfunctional RNA. This type of promoter sequence consists of proximal anddistal elements located upstream, whereby the elements named last areoften referred to as enhancers. Consequently, an enhancer is a DNAsequence that may stimulate the promoter activity and may be an elementinherent to the promoter or an inserted heterologous element to improvethe expression height or tissue specificity of a promoter. It may workin both orientations and may even work if it is located upstream ordownstream to the promoter. Not only enhancers but also other upstreamlocated promoter elements sequence-specifically bind DNA-bindingproteins mediating their effects. Promoters may be derived from a nativegene in their entirety or my be composed of different elements derivedfrom different naturally occurring promoters or can even be composed ofsynthetic DNA segments. A promoter may also comprise DNA sequences thatare involved in the binding of protein factors that control theefficiency of the transcription initiation as response to physiologicalor development-related conditions.

Promoter elements, particularly TATA elements, that are inactive or havea strongly reduced promoter activity in the absence of an upstreamactivation are referred to as minimal promoters or core promoters. Inthe presence of an appropriate transcription factor or appropriatetranscription factors the function of the minimal promoter is theenabling of the transcription. Thus, a minimal promoter or core promoteronly consists of all basic elements that are necessary for thetranscription initiation, e.g., a TATA box and/or an initiator.

The invention also relates to vector constructs comprising DNA sequencesaccording to the invention. These vector constructs comprise anyplasmid, cosmid, phage or other vector in double-stranded orsingle-stranded, linear or circular form, which might also betransmitable or mobilizable themselves and may either transform aprokaryotic or eukaryotic host by integration into the cellular genomeor are extra-chromosomally present (e.g., autonomously replicatingplasmids with replication origin).

Vectors, plasmids, cosmids, artificial yeast chromosomes (YACs),artificial bacterial chromosomes (BACs) and DNA segments to be used forthe transformation of cells generally comprise the DNA that encode thephospholipase according to the invention as well as another DNA such ascDNA, a gene or genes that is/are to be introduced into the cells. TheseDNA constructs may comprise further structures such as promoters,enhancers, polylinkers or also regulator genes, if necessary. One of theDNA segments or genes that was/were selected for the cellularintroduction conveniently codes/code a protein that is expressed in thethus obtained transformed (recombinant) cells, which leads to ascreenable or selectable property and/or provides the transformed cellwith an improved phenotype.

The construction of vectors that may be used according to the inventionis known to a person skilled in the art due to aforementioned disclosureand the general expert knowledge (cf., e.g., Sambrook et al., MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Plainview, N.Y. (1989))).

The expression cassette according to the invention may comprise one orseveral restriction site(s) to put the polynucleotide that encodes thephospholipase under the control of a regulator sequence. The expressioncassette may also comprise a termination signal in operative linkagewith the polynucleotide as well as regulator sequences that arenecessary for the proper translation of the polynucleotide. Theexpression cassette that comprises the polynucleotide according to theinvention may be chimeric, i.e., at least one of its components isheterologous relating to at least one of the other components. Theexpression of the polynucleotide in the expression cassette may be undercontrol of a constitutive promoter, an inducible promoter, a regulatedpromoter, a viral promoter or a synthetic promoter.

The vectors may already comprise regulator elements, e.g., promoters, orthe DNA sequences according to the invention may be manipulated in sucha way that they comprise such elements. Appropriate promoter elementsthat may be used are known in the state of the art and are, for example,for Trichoderma reesei the cbh1 promoter or cbh2 promoter, forAspergillus oryzae the amy promoter, for Aspergillus niger the xylpromoter, glaA promoter, alcA promoter, aphA promoter, tpiA promoter,gpdA promoter, sucl promoter and pkiA promoter. Appropriate promoterelements that may be used for expression in yeast are known in the stateof the art and are, for example, the pho5 promoter or the gap promoterfor expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and for Pichia pastoris, forexample, the aoxl promoter or the fmd promoter, or the mox promoter forH. polymorpha.

DNA that is appropriate for introduction into cells may also comprise,besides the DNA according to the present invention, DNA that was derivedor isolated from any source. An example of a derived DNA is a DNAsequence that was identified in a given organism as a useful fragmentand then chemically synthesized in a basically purified form. An exampleof such a DNA is an appropriate DNA sequence that was, for example,obtained by the use of restriction endonucleases, so that it may befurther manipulated according to the invention, for example, amplified.The amdS gene from Aspergillus nidulans, which may be used as a markergene, and its regulatory sequences as well as polylinkers are amongthose, inter alia.

Such a DNA is usually referred to as recombinant DNA. Thus, anappropriate DNA comprises completely synthetic DNA, semi-synthetic DNA,DNA isolated from biological sources und DNA derived from channelledRNA. Generally, the introduced DNA is no original part of the genotypeof the recipient DNA, however, according to the invention, a gene mayalso be isolated from a given genotype and optionally altered andsubsequently multiple copies of the gene may be introduced into the samegenotype, e.g., to increase the production of a given gene product.

The introduced DNA comprises without limitation DNA from genes such as,for example, of bacteria, yeasts, fungi or viruses. The channelled DNAmay comprise modified or synthetic genes, parts of genes or chimericgenes including genes of the same or a different genotype. For example,DNA of the plasmids pUC18, pUC19 may also be included here.

The DNA used according to the invention for the transformation may becircular or linear, double-stranded or single-stranded. In general, theDNA is a chimeric DNA such as a plasmid DNA, which also comprises codingregions that are flanked by regulator sequences and support theexpression of the recombinant DNA present in the transformed cell. Forexample, the DNA itself may comprise or consist of a promoter that isactive in a cell, that is derived from a source differing from the cell,or a promoter that is already present in the cell, i.e., thetransformation target cell, may be used.

In general, the introduced DNA is relatively small, less than about 30kb, to minimize the sensitivity to physical, chemical or enzymaticreduction, which increases with the size of the DNA.

The selection of an appropriate expression vector depends on the hostcells. Yeast expression vectors or fungi expression vectors may comprisea replication origin, an appropriate promoter and enhancer as well asany necessary ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation sites, splicedonor sites and splice acceptor sites, transcription terminationsequence sand non-transcribed 5′-flanking sequences.

Examples of appropriate host cells are: fungi cells of the genusAspergillus, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Neurospora, Mucor, Penicillium etc.such as, for example, yeasts of the genera Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces,Schizosaccharomyces, Trichosporon, Schwanniomyces, Hansenula, Pichia andthe like. Appropriate host systems are, for example, fungi such asAspergilli, e.g., Aspergillus niger (ATCC 9142) or Aspergillus ficuum(NRLL 3135) or Trichoderma (e.g., Trichoderma reesei QM6a) and yeastssuch as Saccharomyces, e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia such as,e.g., Pichia pastoris or Hansenula, e.g., H. polymorpha (DSMZ 70277).Such micro-organisms may be obtained from established depositaryinstitutions, e.g., the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), theCentraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) or the Deutschen Sammiung fürMikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) or any other depositaryinstitution.

The expression cassette may include a transcription start region andtranslation start region of the polynucleotide according to theinvention in the 5′-3′ transcription direction and a transcriptionregion and translation region that are functional in vivo or in vitro.The termination region may be native regarding the transcriptioninitiation region or may be native or of other origin regarding thepolynucleotide. The regulator sequences may be located upstream (5′non-coding sequences), inwardly (introns) or downstream (3′ non-codingsequences) of a coding sequence and influence the transcription, the RNAprocessing or the stability and/or the translation of the associatedcoding sequence. Regulator sequences may comprise without limitationenhancers, promoters, repressor binding sites, translation leadersequences, introns or polyadenylation signal sequences. They maycomprise natural and synthetic sequences as well as sequences that arecombined of synthetic and natural sequences.

The vector used according to the invention may also comprise appropriatesequences for the amplification of the expression.

Examples of promoters that may be used according to the invention arepromoters of which is known that they control the expression in theeukaryotic cells. Any promoter with the ability to express infilamentous fungi may be used. Examples are a promoter that is stronglyinduced by starch or cellulose, e.g., a promoter for glucoamylase orα-amylase from the genus Aspergillus or cellulase (cellobiohydrolase)from the genus Trichoderma, a promoter for enzymes in the glycolyticmetabolic pathway such as, for example, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)and glycerol aldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GPD) etc. Thecellobiohydrolase-I promoter, the cellobiohydrolase-lI promoter, theamylase promoter, the glucoamylase promoter, the xylanase promoter orthe enolase promoter is preferred.

In addition to the use of a special promoter, other types of elementsmay influence the expression of transgenes. It was particularlydemonstrated that introns have the potential to increase transgeneexpression.

The expression cassette may comprise further elements, for example, suchelements that may be regulated by endogenous or exogenous elements suchas zinc finger proteins, including naturally occurring zinc fingerproteins or chimeric zinc finger proteins.

The expression cassette used according to the invention may alsocomprise enhancer elements or upstream promoter elements.

Vectors for the use according to the invention may be constructed insuch a way that they comprise an enhancer element. Thus, the elementsaccording to the invention comprise the gene of interest together with a3′ DNA sequence, which acts as a signal to terminate the transcriptionand to allow for the polyadenylation of the thus obtained mRNA. Anysignal sequence that makes the secretion from the selected host organismpossible may be used. A preferred signal sequence is the phospholipasesignal sequence from Aspergillus fumigatus or signal sequences derivedtherefrom for the secretion from filamentous fungi.

A special leader sequence may also be used, since the DNA sequencebetween the transcription start site and the start of the codingsequence, i.e., the non-translated leader sequence, may influence thegene expression. Preferred leader sequences comprise sequences thatcontrol the optimal expression of the adhered gene, i.e., they comprisea preferred consensus leader sequence, which increases or maintains themRNA stability and prevents an inappropriate translation initiation. Theselection of such sequences is well known to the person skilled in theart.

To improve the possibility to identify the transformants, a selectableor screenable marker gene may be added to the expression cassette. Suchmarker genes are well known to a person skilled in the art.

The expression cassette or a vector construct that comprises theexpression cassette is introduced into a host cell. A variety oftechniques is available and well known to a person skilled in the art ofchannelling constructs into a host cell. The transformation of microbialcells may be carried out by means of polyethylene glycol, calciumchloride, viral infection, DEAE dextran, phage infection,electroporation and other methods known in the state of the art. Thetransformation of fungi may be carried out according to Penttila et al.,Gene 61:155-164, 1987. The introduction of a recombinant vector intoyeasts may be carried out according to methods known per se, includingelectroporation, use of spheroplasts, lithium acetate and the like.

As soon as the expression cassette or the DNA sequence according to theinvention is obtained, it may be introduced into vectors according toprocesses known per se to over-express the encoded polypeptide inappropriate host systems. However, DNA sequences as such may also beused to transform appropriate host systems of the invention to obtain anover-expression of the encoded polypeptide.

As soon as a DNA sequence according to the invention is expressed in anappropriate host in an appropriate medium, the encoded phospholipase maybe concentrated and/or isolated either from the medium if thephospholipase is secreted into the medium or from the host organism ifthe phospholipase is intracellularly present, e.g., in the periplasmicspace, according to processes known per se. Known processes for theseparation of the insoluble parts of the culture medium and the biomassfollowed by processes for concentrating the phospholipase may be used toproduce concentrated phospholipase solutions or to prepare the drying ofthe phospholipase. For example, filtration processes or centrifugationprocesses may be used to separate the insoluble components, followed byultrafiltration processes for concentration, or cross flow filtrationprocesses are used. The drying may be carried out by spray drying,granulation processes, deformation or other processes. Known processesof protein purification may be used to isolate the phospholipasesaccording to the invention. For example, different chromatographic orgelchromatographic processes may be used individually or in combination.Depending on the host cell used in a recombinant production process, theenzyme according to the invention may or may not be covalently modifiedby glycosylation. In eukaryotic cells the glycosylation of the secretedproteins provide a basis for modulation of the protein folding, theconformation stability, the thermal stability and the resistance againstproteolysis. As regards a specific application of the phospholipase, aglycosylated variant of the enzyme may be preferred to anon-glycosylated variant.

The invention also relates to isolated or basically purified nucleicacid compositions and protein compositions. An isolated and purifiedpolynucleotide/polypeptide or segment thereof refers to a polynucleotideor polypeptide and segment thereof that is isolated from its nativeenvironment and is present in a purified form for further use. Anisolated polynucleic acid segment or polypeptide may be present in apurified form or may be present in a non-native environment such as, forexample, in a transgenic host cell. For example, an isolated or purifiedpolynucleotide segment or protein or a biologically active part thereofis basically free from further cellular material or culture medium ifproduced according to recombinant techniques or is basically free fromchemical precursors or other chemical compounds. An isolatedpolynucleotide is preferably free from sequences (preferablyprotein-encoding sequences) that naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e.,sequences that are localized at the 5′ ends and 3′ ends of the nucleicacid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid isderived. For example., according to different embodiments, the isolatednucleic acid molecule may comprise less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences that naturally flankthe nucleic acid molecule in the genomic DNA of the cell from which thenucleic acid is derived. A protein that is basically free from cellularmaterial comprises compositions of protein and polypeptide with lessthan about 70%, 50%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% (based on the dry weight) ofcontaminating protein. If the protein according to the invention or abiologically active fragment thereof is recombinantly produced, theculture medium preferably comprises les than about 70%, 50%, 30%, 20%,10%, 5% (based on the dry weight) of the chemical precursors ornon-protein-like chemical substances.

The invention also relates to phospholipase compositions that comprisethe polypeptide according to the invention. Phospholipase compositionsare generally liquid or dry. Liquid compositions preferably comprise thephospholipase enzyme in a purified or enriched form. However, auxiliaryagents such as, for example, a stabilizer and/or glycerol, sorbitol ormonopropylene glycol, additives such as salts, sugar, preservatives,agents to adjust the pH value and proteins may be added. Typical liquidcompositions are aqueous or oily suspensions.

Dry compositions may be freeze-dried, spray-dried, granulated orextruded compositions, which may only comprise the enzyme. Drycompositions may be granulates that may easily be mixed with, forexample, food or feed components,or preferably form a component of apremix. Preferably, the particle size of the enzyme granulate iscompatible with the other component of the mixture. This allows for saveand purposeful agents to incorporate enzymes in processed food, premixesor animal feed, for example.

Dry compositions may also comprise other additives such as, for example,salts, particularly phosphate salts and their anhydrous forms, andstabilizers such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) etc. to regulate certainconditions such as, for example, the pH value in the application.

A food additive according to this embodiment of the present inventionmay be combined with other food components in a similar way, wherebyprocessed food products are produced. Such other food componentscomprise one or more enzyme supplements, vitamins, minerals or traceelements. Then the thus obtained combined dietary supplement may bemixed with other food components such as grain and plant proteins in anappropriate amount to obtain processed food. The processing of thesecomponents to processed food may be carried out by means of processingdevices known per se.

In a preferred embodiment the phospholipase compositions according tothe invention additionally comprise an effective amount of one or moreenzyme(s) for food or animal feed or for the application in pre-stagesof the production of food or animal feed or for the application in thetextile industry, preferably selected from alpha-galactosidases,beta-galactosidases, laccases, other phospholipases, phosphatases,endoglucanases, particularly endo-beta-1,4-glucanases,endo-beta-1,3(4)-glucanases, endo-1,2-beta-glucanases andendo-1,3-alpha-glucanases, cellulases, xylosidases, galactanases,particularly arabinogalactan-endo-1,4-beta-galactosidases andarabinogalactan-endo-1,3-beta-galactosidases, pectin-degrading enzymes,particularly pectinases, pectinesterases, pectinlyases,polygalacturonases, arabananases, rhamnogalacturonases,rhamnogalacturonanacetylesterases,rhamnogalacturonan-alpha-rhamnosidases, pectate lyases andalpha-galacturonidases, mannanases, beta-mannosidases, mannanacetylesterases, xylan acetylesterases, proteases, xylanases,arabinoxylanases, lipolytic enzymes such as lipases,digalactosid-diglycerol esterases and cutinases, and other enzymes suchas laccases and transglutaminases.

The phospholipases according to the invention may be used for a varietyof applications. Examples are applications in baking and in animalfeeding as well as in the production of fuels from renewable energysources, for example, canola seed, or in the processing of textile rawmaterials.

A preferred application is the use of the polypeptides withphospholipase activity according to the invention in processes fordegumming of vegetable oil. The edible oil to be degummed is, forexample, treated with a polypeptide according to the invention, wherebythe majority of the phospholipids is hydrolyzed, and subsequently theaqueous phase containing the hydrolyzed phospholipids is separated fromthe oil. Such a process is particularly suitable for the purification ofedible oils that contain phospholipids, for example, vegetable oils suchas soy bean oil, canola seed oil and sunflower oil.

Before the phospholipase treatment, the oil is preferably pre-treated toeliminate mucilage, for example, by humid refining. Typically, the oilcomprises 50 to 850 ppm phosphorus as phospholipid at the beginning ofthe treatment with the phospholipase according to the invention. Afterthe treatment, the phosphorus value is typically between 2 and 10 ppm.

The phospholipase treatment is generally carried out in such a way thatthe phospholipase is dispersed in an aqueous solution, preferably asdroplets with an average diameter of <10 μm. The amount of water ispreferably 0.5 to 5% by weight based on the oil. An emulsifier mayoptionally be added. It may be mechanically stirred to maintain anemulsion. The treatment with phospholipase may be carried out at a pHvalue in the range of 3.5 to about 5.0. The pH value of the process maybe in the range of about 3.5 to about 5, preferably 3.8 to 4.5 and mostpreferred 4.0 to 4.2 to maximize the performance of the enzyme. The pHvalue may be adjusted by, for example, addition of citric acid, acitrate buffer, phosphoric acid or hydrochloric acid. An appropriatetemperature is generally 30°-70° C., preferably 45°-65° C. and mostpreferred 55°-62° C. The reaction time is typically 1 to 12 hours,preferably 2 to 6 hours. An appropriate enzyme dosage is usually 120 to3,000 units per kg oil, preferably 250 to 2,000 and most preferred 750to 1,500 units per kg oil.

The phospholipase treatment may be carried out batchwise, for example,in a tank under stirring, or may be continuous, for example, in a numberof tank reactors under stirring.

The phospholipase treatment is followed by separation of an aqueousphase and an oily phase. The separation may be carried out byconventional means, for example, centrifugation. The aqueous solutioncontains phospholipases, and the enzyme may be used again to improveeconomy of the process.

The treatment may be carried out by means of processes known per se.

Advantageously, the phospholipase according to the invention may also beused to prepare dough and bakery products, whereby an effective amountof a polypeptide according to the invention is incorporated in thedough. By adding a polypeptide with phospholipase activity according tothe invention, one or several property(ies) of the dough or the bakeryproduct prepared with the dough may be improved compared to a dough orbakery product without addition of a polypeptide with phosopholipaseactivity according to the invention.

In the dough preparation by means of the phospholipase according to theinvention the phospholipase may be added to the dough itself, anyingredient of which the dough is prepared, and/or a mixture of doughingredients of which the dough is prepared. A polypeptide withphospholipase activity according to the invention may, thus, be added assuch in any step of the dough preparation or may be added in one, two ormore step(s). Here an effective amount is to refer to an amount ofphospholipase that is sufficient to cause a measurable effect on atleast one property of interest of the dough and/or the bakery product.

The expression “improved property” is defined herein as any property ofthe dough and/or the product that is obtained from the dough,particularly a bakery product, that was improved by the effect of thephospholipase based on the dough or the product to which thephospholipase according to the invention was not added. The improvedproperty may comprise, for example: improved strength of the dough,improved elasticity of the dough, improved stability of the dough,reduced stickiness of the dough, improved extensibility of the dough,improved machine runability of the dough, improved volume of the bakeryproduct, improved crumb structure of the bakery product, improvedsoftness of the bakery product, improved aroma of the bakery productand/or delayed staling of the bakery product. Processes to determinethese properties are well known in the state of the art.

A dough is herein defined as a mixture of flour and other ingredients,which is as solid as to be kneaded or rolled. The dough may be fresh,frozen, pre-cooked or pre-baked.

The expression “bakery product” refers herein to any product that isprepared by a dough and has either a soft or a crisp character. Examplesof bakery products that may be prepared by means of a phospholipaseaccording to the invention are, for example, bread (particularly whitebread, wholewheat bread or rye bread), typically in the form of loavesor French bread of the type French baguettes, pasta, pita bread,tortillas, tacos, cakes, pancakes, cookies or pastries, cooked bread,double-baked bread and the like.

In the preparation of these bakery products the polypeptide withphosopholipase activity according to the invention and/or one or morefurther enzyme(s) in any formulation that is suitable for the respectiveuse may be added, for example, in a dry form, as liquid or as premix.Furthermore, one or more further enzyme(s) may be added to the dough.These further enzymes may be of any origin and may derive from mammalsor plants, for example. Preferably, they are of a microbial origin andare particularly preferably derived from bacteria or fungi.

According to a preferred embodiment, the further enzymes may be amylasessuch as α-amylase (suitable for producing sugars that are fermentable byyeasts and for delaying staling) or β-amylase, cylcodextringlucanotransferase, peptidase, particularly an exopeptidase (suitable toincrease the aroma), transglutaminase, lipase (useful for modificationof the lipids present in the dough or parts of the dough to make thedough softer), phospholipases (useful for modification of the lipidsthat are present in the dough or parts of the dough to make the doughsofter and to improve the gas retention in the dough), cellulase,hemicellulase, particularly a pentosanase such as xylanase (useful forthe partial hydrolysis of pentosanes improving the extensibility of thedough), proteases (useful for the gluten softening, particularly ifdurum flour is used), protein disulphide disomerase (for example, aprotein disulphide isomerase disclosed in WO 95/00636), glycosyltransferase, peroxidase (useful to improve the consistency of thedough), laccase or oxidase, for example, an aldose oxidase, glucoseoxidase, pyrano oxidase, lipoxy-genase or L-amino acid oxidase (usefulto improve the consistency of the dough).

This/These optionally further added enzyme/enzymes may be optionallyadded separately or together with the polypeptide with phospholipaseactivity according to the invention as components of baking agents ordough additives. The invention also relates to the preparation of suchdoughs as well as the preparation of corresponding bakery products madeof these doughs.

The invention also relates to a premix, for example, in the form of aflour composition, for the preparation of dough and/or bakery productsmade of dough, whereby this premix comprises polypeptides withphospholipase activity according to the invention.

The polypeptides with phospholipase activity according to the inventionmay also be used as additive to animal feed. Adding phospholipases tofeed improves the efficiency of feed uptake of animals. The growth ofanimals that are nourished with such feed is thereby improved. Aphospholipase according to the invention may hereby be added as such oras feed concentrate. Furthermore, the phospholipase may also be added tothe animal feed via transgenic plants, whereby the phospholipase issynthesized by heterologous gene expression. Processes for theproduction of such transgenic plants are disclosed in WO 91/14772.

The polypeptides with phospholipase activity according to the inventionmay also be used in the process of scouring in the processing of textileraw materials of, e.g., cotton fibres, to facilitate the furthertreatment of the fibres. The improvements obtained by scouring also haveeffects on the behavior during staining as well as the further mechanicand enzymatic processing of the fibres and the fabric made thereof.

The gene for the phospholipase that was isolated from the micro-organismAspergillus fumigatus was deposited in the plasmid B11B1Hind6 underaccession number DSM 18369 at the Deutschen Sammiung von Mirkoorganismenund Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ), Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweigon 06/14/2006 in accordance with the provisions of the Budapest Treaty.

The invention is further described on the basis of the enclosed figures.It is shown in:

FIG. 1: IEF gel of purified phospholipase from Aspegillus fumigatus. Theright track (no. 6) contains the marker proteins from the IsoelectricFocusing Calibration Kit, pH 2.5-6.5, company Pharmacia, no. 17-0472-01.The phospholipase band on the left track (no. 5) at pi 4.4 is identifiedby a narrow.

FIG. 2: SDS gel of the partially purified phospholipase from Aspergillusfumigatus before (track 1 and 2) and after treatment with N-gycosidase F(tracks 4, 5, 6 and 7). Track 3 contains the marker proteins (SDS-PAGEstandards, low range: 97,400, 66,200, 45,000, 31,000, 21,500, 14,400,Biorad).

FIG. 3: T optima curve for the phospholipase from Aspergillus fumigatus(RH 3949 IS15) culture supernatant and recombinantly expressed inAspergillus niger (RH 31019 and RH 31020).

FIG. 4: pH optima curve for phospholipase from Aspergillus fumigatusRH3949 IS15).

FIG. 5: Nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence derived therefrom ofthe chromosomal phospholipase gene from Aspergillus fumigatus RH3949.The introns are printed in italics. The matching of the amino acidsequence with the peptide sequences detected in the protein sequencingis underscored (cf. SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2).

FIG. 6: The nucleotide sequence of the chromosomal phospholipase genefrom Aspergillus fumigatus RH3949 (SEQ ID NO: 1).

FIG. 7: The amino acid sequence of the phospholipase gene fromAspergillus fumigatus RH3949 (SEQ ID NO: 2).

FIG. 8: Restriction map of the vector B11B1Hind6

FIG. 9: Restriction map of the expression vector pK3949/9

FIG. 10: Restriction map of the expression vector pK3949/11

The following examples will specify the invention in detail:

REFERENCE EXAMPLE 1 Determination of the Phospholipase Activity

1 phospholipase unit corresponds to the amount of enzyme that releases 1μmol fatty acid per minute from the phosphatidyl choline under standardconditions.

Reagents: Substrate Solution:

1 g Epikuron 200 (purified phosphatidyl choline from soy by LUCAS MEYER,reference number 139029), 100 ml deionized water and 5 ml 0.32 M CaCl₂solution are homogenized by means of an Ultra Turrax for 2 min at 24,000rpm. The substrate solution is stable at 4°-8° C. for 3-4 d.

Other Solutions:

0.32 M CaCl₂ solution, fresh 3.3 mM citric acid—monohydrate solution, 10mM KOH solution, 1% Triton X100 (company Fluka) solution indemineralized water.

Enzyme Solution

The enzyme preparations are solved in deionized water. The enzymeconcentration in the batch may not exceed 2.5 U g⁻¹.

Carrying Out the Determination Main Values

10 ml substrate solution

10 ml 1% Triton X100 solution

5 ml 3.3 mM citric acid—monohydrate solution are pipetted in a 25 mlwide-necked Erlenmeyer flask and tempered at 40° C. for 10 min. The pHvalue adjusts to 3.3-3.5.

After adding 0.1 ml of enzyme solution, the analysis batch is incubatedat 40° C. for 10 min. When the incubation time is over, it is titratedto pH 10.0 with 0.01 M KOH, whereby the first 5 ml of KOH are addedrapidly (duration: about 1 min). The consumption of KOH is registered.

Blank Test

The enzyme parent solution is heated at 95° C. for 15 min and, thus,deactivated. After cooling down to room temperature, the furthertreatment is the same as for the main values.

An incubation of the bland samples is not necessary.

Evaluation:

${{PLU}/g} = \frac{\Delta \; V_{KOH}*c_{KOH}*1000}{\Delta \; t*c_{s}*v}$V_(KOH) [ml] difference in consumption between the blank value and themain value c_(KOH) [mol l⁻¹] concentration of KOH t [min] incubationtime c_(s) [g ml⁻¹] concentration of the sample v [ml] volume used

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of Phospholipase with Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus RH3949 IS15 was grown in 200 ml shaking flasksfilled with 50 ml medium at 28° C., 200 rpm, over 5 d. The mediumconsisted of 0.5% Epicuron 200 (Lucas Meyer), 0.5% corn steep powder,0.2% NH₄NO₃, 100 mM KH₂PO₄ and 0.1% Triton X100. The pH value wasadjusted to pH 6 before sterilisation. The medium was inoculated with aspore suspension. After 5 days, the culture supernatant was separatedfrom the mycelium by filtration, and the phospholipase activity in theliquid was measured.

EXAMPLE 2

Purification of the Phospholipase from Aspergillus fumigatus

Step 1: Anion Exchanger

Concentrated culture supernatant from the cultures of Example 1 wasseparated into protein fractions by means of an anion exchanger.

The sample was dialyzed against completely desalinated water in adialyse tube (Naturin protein farce) for 1.5 h. The pH value wasadjusted to pH 7 with 1 M NaOH. The phospholipase with the pI of about4.4 is not adsorbed on the column Macro Prep Q (company BioRad 156-0051)if this column is equilibrated with 20 mM Tris/HCl buffer pH 7+5 mMCaCl₂ but retrieved in the through-flow.

Step 2: HIC (Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography)

The through-flow of the first step was adjusted to an ammonium sulphateconcentration of 1.7 M by concentrated ammonium sulphate solution. Thesample solution was applied to the HIC column, Phenyl Separose 6 FastFlow low substitution (company Pharmacia 17-0965-03) with an ammoniumsulphate concentration of 1.7 M.

The phospholipase was found in the flow of the column equilibrated with20 mM Tris/HCl buffer pH 7+5 mM CaCl₂+1.7 M ammonium sulphate.

Step 3: Chromatic Focussing

The flow according to step 2 was newly buffered with the Jumbosepcentrifugal concentrator and 10 kDa membrane insert (company PallFiltron, no. FD 010K65) with eluent A (0.025 M histidine/HCl pH 6.2) andconcentrated.

Now the sample was loaded on the Mono P, Mono P HR 5/20 (companyPharmacia 17-0548-01), which is equilibrated for a pH range of pH 6-4[eluent B polybuffer 74, company Pharmacia 17-0713-01), pH 4].

The phospholipase was retrieved in the eluate.

The partially purified phospholipase was applied to an IEF gel (FIG. 1).The bands were cut out for identification and examined for phospholipaseactivity according to the described methods of analysis.

Subsequently, the phospholipase bands were applied to a SDS gel not onlydirectly but also after deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F (NewEngland BioLabs Inc.). 2 bands with about 72 and 34 kDa or afterdeglycosylation with about 54 and 20 kDa (FIG. 2), which were furtherused in Example 4, were recovered.

EXAMPLE 3

Characterization of the Phospholipases from Aspergillus fumigatus

The phospholipase activity was detected by the method of determinationas described above at different temperatures. The curve in FIG. 3 showsa T-optimum at a temperature of 45° C. for the enzyme produced nativelyby means of Aspergillus fumigatus RH 3949 IS15 (cf. Example 1) as wellas a T-optimum of 50°-52° C. for the enzyme produced recombinantly bymeans of Aspergillus niger strains (cf. Example 5). The residualactivity at 60° C. was increased from 35% to 87% in the enzyme producedrecombinantly.

The phospholipase activity was detected as described above at differentpH values. The pH value was thereto adjusted by means of citric acid.The curve in FIG. 4 shows a pH optimum at values of pH 3.5 and lower aswell as a second local pH optimum at pH 5-6 and, thus, optimalproperties for the application in oil degumming at pH values of <5 toprevent deposition of Ca compounds in the centrifuge.

EXAMPLE 4

Isolation and Determination of the DNA Sequences of the Phospholipasesfrom Aspergillus fumigatus

a) N-Terminal Protein Sequencing

After the final purification step via Mono P (chromatic focusing), thefractions with the highest phospholipase activity were collected andseparated on a native gel. The protein band with phospholipase activitywas cut out and applied on a SDS gel again. Two fragments, referred toas B11 and B12, with a molecular weight of about 72 kDa or 34 kDa werethereby found. After deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F (New EnglandBioLabs Inc.) they had molecular weights of about 54 and 20 kDa. Theprotein bands marked in FIG. 2 as B11 and B12 were transferred to a PVDFmembrane (Fluotrans Transfer Membrane, Pall) and the N-terminal aminoacid sequences were determined in an amino acid sequencer (AppliedBiosystems Model 470A) after Comassie staining. They are:

B11: DSASY⁵ YKDYS¹⁰ NAVSG KAD¹⁸ (SEQ ID NO: 3) B12: ALPNA⁵ PDGYT¹⁰PS-VG-PA¹⁸ SEQ ID NO: 4)

It is remarkable that the fragments B11 and B12 do not show matchingswith the sequences of known phospholipases. They are similar to thesequences of lysophospholipases. It was all the more surprising that aphospholipase was found due to fragments B11 and B12.

b) Determination of the Amino Acid Sequence of BRCN Fragments

The BrCN cleavage of proteins was carried out according to aspecification by Gross (1967, The Cyanogen Bromide Reaction, MethodsEnzymol, vol. XI, 238-255). Here protein fragments B11 and B12 were cutout of the gel after SDS gel electrophoresis, washed with 40% n-propanoland subsequently incubated in a mixture of 750 mM BrCN in 70% formicacid at room temperature for 24 h in the dark. The protein fragments inthe supernatant were taken up in buffer after eliminating thebromocyanogen in the vacuum centrifuge and then applied to a SDS gelaccording to Schagger and Jagow (1987, Anal. Biochem. 199, 223-231) forseparation of small protein fragments.

After the gel electrophoresis, the fragments from the gel weretransferred to a PVDF membrane (polyvinylidene difluoride membranes),which were identified by the Coomassie staining and used for proteinsequencing (Matsudaira, 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262, 10035-10038).

The amino acid sequences of the following BrCN fragments from proteinB11 or B12 were determined:

B11/1 ¹DSASY (SEQ ID NO: 5) B11/2 ¹PVVVA DGNYP¹⁰ (SEQ ID NO: 6) B11/5¹-TSST LFNQF¹⁰ (SEQ ID NO: 7) B12/1 ¹KDFFS HVKIQ¹⁰ DFDAV GYID¹⁹ (SEQ IDNO: 8) B12/2 ¹ALPNA (SEQ ID NO: 9) B12/3 ¹NTATA IKAFD¹⁰ S-TP¹⁴ (SEQ IDNO: 10)c) Synthesis of the 1-cDNA Strand

About 1×10⁷ spores of the A. fumigatus strain RH 3949 IS15 wereinoculated into 100 ml medium (0.5% corn steep powder, 0.5% Epikuron200, 0.1% Triton X100, 0.2% NH₄NO₃ and 100 mM KH₂PO₄ pH 6.0) andcultivated at 45° C. for 2 to 3 day The obtained mycelium was used forRNA preparation by means of the Qiagen column (Qiagen).

The synthesis of the 1-cDNA strand was carried out according to thespecifications of the manufacturer (BRL). 4 μl 5× BRL buffer (250 mMTris/HCl, pH 8.3, 375 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl₂), 1 μl 10 mM dNTP, 2 μl 100 mMDTT, 50 pmol primer EA13, 1 μl RNA (2 μg total RNA) and 2,000 U RTaseSuper Script (BRL) were pipetted together in a 20 μl reaction batch. Thereaction batch was incubated at 45° C. for 50 min.

For the later amplification of the phospholipase cDNA by means of thepolymerase chain reaction, the batch was diluted with 20 μl distilledwater and stored at −0° C.

The DNA sequence of the primer EA13 is:

(SEQ ID NO: 11) 5′-gAC TCg AgT CgA CAT CgA (T)₂₀ (A/C/g)-3′d) Amplification of a Partial Sequence of Phospholipase cDNA by Means ofthe Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Different oligoprimers for the amplification of the phospholipase cDNAwere derived from the above data of the amino acid sequence. The PCRproducts were cloned in the PGEMT plasmid and sequenced. Compared to thesequencing data of Example 4b), it was found that the primer coupleB12/B5 and B12/B8 leads to the correct phospholipase cDNA gene fragment.

B12/B5 Primer (SEQ ID NO: 12) 5′-gAC TTT gAC gCT gTg ggg TAG ATC gA-3′B12/B8 Primer (SEQ ID NO: 13) 3′-TAC TTg TgA CgA Tgg CgT TAg TTC CgA AAACT-5′

The amplification of a partial sequence of phospholipase cDNA wascarried out with the batch of the first cDNA synthesis by means of thePCR method. The reaction batch of 100 μl comprised: 10 μl 10× buffer(200 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.4, 500 mM KCl), 2 μl 10 mM dNTP, each 50 pmololigoprimer (B12/B5 and B12/B8), 1 μl of the batch of the 1st strandcDNA, 5 U Taq DNA polymerase (BRL). The batch was treated fordenaturation at 95° C. for 5 min, 45 cycles (95° C for 1 min each, 45° Cfor 1 min, 72° C. for 1 min) and subsequently the extension was carriedout at 72° C. for 5 min.

The PCR products were purified on a Qiaquick column and cloned in pGEMTplasmid.

One transformant comprised the correct partial sequence ofphosopholipase cDNA after sequencing and was referred to as B12/14/1.

e) Cloning of the Chromosomal Phospholipase Gene from the Strain RH3949IS15

The chromosomal DNA preparation was carried out according to aspecification by Hynes, M. J et al. (1983) Mol. Cell. Biol. 3,1430-1439.

After the Sau3A I partial hydrolysis, the DNA was fractioned accordingto size by means of a saccharose density gradient centrifugation.Fractions that contained DNA fragments of 9-20 kb were combined andprecipitated with ethanol at −0° C. After washing and drying, the DNAwas inserted in EMBL3 DNA hydrolyzed by BamHI/EcoRI and packaged invitro. Packaging in the phage lysate Gigapack II Gold Packaging wascarried out according to the specification described by the manufacturer(Stratagene Instruction Manual).

To identify the chromosomal phospholipase gene in a lambda EMBL3 genebank, the cDNA fragment from the plasmid B12/14/1 was used asradioactive gene probe. The hybridization was carried out at 65° C. for18 h in dextran sulphate solution (GenescrenePlus, DuPont). Afterhybridization, the filters were washed each for 30 min, first with6×SSC, twice 2×SSC, twice 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS and subsequently with 0.2×SSCat 65° C. (membrane transfer and detection methods, Amersham).

Eight positive clones were identified. From the results of the analysiswith the restriction endonucleases and southern hybridization with thegene probe isolated from B12/14/1, the phage DNA of the clone B1 washydrolyzed with HindIII. The 2.8 kb HindIII fragment inserted in pUC18was referred to as B11B1Hind6 (FIG. 8) and the nucleotide sequence ofthe 2.8 kb DNA fragment was determined by sequencing.

f) Cloning and Characterization of the N-Terminal Region of thePhospholipase cDNA

To determine the position of the initiation codon or the signal sequenceof the phospholipase gene, the amplification of the N-terminal region ofthe phospholipase cDNA was carried out by PCR.

The oligoprimer B12A2P5 or B12A2P9 used for this was derived from thedata of the chromosomal DNA sequence and synthesized.

B12A2P5 5′-CTT TGC GGC ACT GCG AAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 14) B12A2P9 5′-ATA TTTGAT CTT ATT GTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 15)

The PCR was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 4e). Theobtained PCR product was cloned in pGEMT vector (Promega) and sequenced.

By comparing the cDNA sequence with the chromosomal sequence, thepresence and the location of the phospholipase ATG start codon wasdetermined. The determination of the signal sequence was carried out bya computer program (PSORT) of Nakai and Kanehisa (1992, Genomics 14,897-911). Thereupon the phospholipase gene has a signal sequence of 20amino acids, a potential propeptide of 12 amino acids and the intron 1with 87 bases.

g) Cloning of the C-Terminal Region of the Phospholipase cDNA

in the same process as in Example 4f), the C-terminal region of thephospholipase cDNA was amplified. The oligoprimers used for this havethe following sequence:

B11B1P15 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 5′-GGC GCA GGT GCG ATT AAG GCT TTT GA-3′B11B1P13 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 5′-TTC GCG AAA CTC TCG AAA TGA ATT CTA-3′

The obtained PCR product was cloned in the pGEMT vector, sequenced andreferred to as cDNA 4/20. By comparing the phospholipase cDNA sequenceand the chromosomal DNA sequence, the location of intron 2 with 56 basesin the phospholipase gene was confirmed.

h) Construction of the Expression Vector pK3949/9

In the expression vector pK3949/9 (FIG. 9) the phospholipase genewithout intron 2 is under control of the A. oryzae α amylase promoter.

The expression vector pK3949/9 was constructed in three steps:

Introduction of a BspHI cleavage site at the start codon by means of thePCR method.

The primers used for this have the following sequence:

Primer B11B1N3 (SEQ ID NO: 18) 5′-CGC GGA TCC GTC ATG AAG TCC ATC GCAGTG GCG TGC-3′ Primer B11/B11 (SEQ ID NO: 19) 5′-TTG ACT AGT TTG AAC CACACT TCA AG-3′

The PCR was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 4d). ThePCR product was hydrolyzed by the enzymes BamHI/SpeI and subsequentlyinserted in the B11B1Hind6 hydrolyzed with the same enzymes. Theobtained plasmid has the designation pK3949/1.

The phospholipase gene was built into the plasmid pK54 cut withNcoI/HindIII from the plasmid pK3949/1 as BspHI/HindIII fragment. Theobtained plasmid pK3949/2 comprises the phospholipase gene under thecontrol of the A. oryzae α-amylase promoter.

The plasmid pK54 comprises the promoter sequence of the A. oryzaeα-amylase gene. The α-amylase promoter sequence was isolated from A.oryzae DSM63303 (Wirsel et al. 1989, Mol. Microbiol. 3 (1), 3-14),modified by PCR and comprises a Ncol cleavage site-immediately upstreamof the ATG codon.

By replacing the PpuMI/StyI fragment by the PpuMi/StyI fragment islatedfrom the plasmid cDNA 4/20, the expression vector pK3949/9 wasconstructed (FIG. 9).

i) Construction of the Expression Vector pK3949/11

Intron 1 and the propeptid were deleted in the vector pK3949/11 (FIG.10), so that the phospholipase gene with own signal sequence directlyfuses at the A. oryzae α-amylase promoter. The vector pK3949/2 was usedas starting plasmid. The isolation of individual fragments was carriedout by the PCR method, whereby the reaction conditions were keptaccording to Example 6d). The following primers were used:

(SEQ ID NO: 20) K17 5′-GAA TTC TGG TGT TTT GAT CTT TT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 21)K18 5′-AGC ACC GCT AGC ACC GGA CAA TAA TAG GCC GGC GAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:22) K19 5′-TCC GGT GCT AGC GGT GCT GCC CTG CCC AAT GCC CCC GAT GGA TACACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 23) K20 5′-GAA GTC CTT CAT CGC AGA AGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:24) K21 5′-CTG ATA TTT ACG TAA AAA TCG TCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25) K22 5′-CTTGCC TCG ACG CGT CTG AAG CCA TGA-3′

The gene sections consisting of the A. oryzae α-amylase promoter and thephospholipase signal sequence were amplified by the primer pairs K17/18.The gene sections consisting of the phospholipase signal sequence andthe N-terminal part of the phospholipase gene were amplified by theprimer pairs K19/K20. By replacing the bases, the NheI cleavage site wasintroduced without alterations in the amino acid composition. The PCRproducts were purified, hydrolyzed with Nhel and ligated together. Theligation product serves as a matrix and the oligos K21 and K22 asprimers for the second PCR batch. The obtained PCR fragment washydrolyzed with SnaBI/MIuI after purification and subsequently insertedinto the plasmid pK3949/2 cut with the same enzymes. The obtained vectorhas the designation pK3949/11 (FIG. 10).

EXAMPLE 5

Transformation of A. niger NRRL3 with DNA from Aspergillus fumigatus

The isolation of protoplasts and the transformation of A. niger wascarried out according to the method by Yelton et al. 1984, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1470-1474.

The plasmid pAN7-1 (Punt et al., 1987, Gene 56, 117-124) was used asselection plasmid for the co-transformation of A. niger.

10 μg selection plasmid and 10 μg expression plasmid were presentedtogether in 20 μl H₂O in an Eppendorf vessel. 200 μl protoplastsuspension (about 2×10⁷ protoplasts) were added to the plasmid solution,carefully mixed by reversion, and subsequently incubated at roomtemperature for 5 min. After adding 50 μl PTC solution (60% polyethyleneglycol 6000, 10 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM CaCl₂), an incubation at roomtemperature for 20 min took place. After a further addition of 750 μlPTC solution and a further incubation at room temperature for 20 min,the batch was centrifuged in the Eppendorf centrifuge for 1 to 2 min.The protoplasts were carefully re-suspended in 1 ml STC solution (1.0 Msorbitol, 10 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.5, 50 mM CaCl₂) and plated on 10-15selection agar plates (per liter: 33.4 Czapek-Dox-Liquid Medium (Oxoid),1 M saccharose and 12 g highly pure Agar No. 1 (Oxoid) and 100 mgHygromycin B (Sigma).

Then the plates were incubated at 30° C. for 5 to 7 d until sporulation.To obtain genetically pure clones, the transformants were singled out onselection agar plates twice. Three transformants, RH 31019, RH 31021 andRH 31025, were selected for further experiments.

EXAMPLE 6 (REFERENCE EXAMPLE) Degumming of Oil

In a first step the phospolipide content was reduced to 120 ppmphosphorus by water degumming in canola oil with 535 ppm phosphoruscontent to further decrease the phospholipide content by enzyme additionin a subsequent second step. The water phase of the water degumming wasnot discarded but remained in the reaction batch. A separation may alsobe possible.

250 g canola oil were filled into a three-necked round-bottomed flaskand moved in circle by turning on the rotary pump (Metabo header pump27621) until the oil reached the reaction temperature of 60° C. Then thecitric acid was added to the oil at a final concentration of 0.1% (w/v).After 120 min, the pH value was adjusted to pH 4.0 by adding 7% NaOHsolution to provide optimal working conditions for the enzyme. When thereaction temperature of 60° C. to 65° C. was reached, the enzymesolution was added resulting in enzyme activities of 250 to 3,000 PLUper kg raw oil. The total water content of all aqueous dosages (citricacid, NaOH, enzyme solution) is 1% to 5% in the oil. The reaction batchwas well mixed during the additions. The flask was always securelyclosed to avoid evaporation of the water. A sample of 20 ml was takeneach 120 min after addition of the enzyme solution. The samples werecentrifuged at 4,300×g for 5 min and the phospholipide content, shown inppm phosphorus, was photometrically determined as phosphorus molybdatecomplex at 830 nm in the oil after ashing at 850° C. by adding magnesiumoxide.

The phospolipide content may also be flame-photometrically determineddirectly in the oil by means of an AAS device.

EXAMPLE 7

Results with Enzyme from Culture Supernatants of A. fumigatus RH 3949IS15

Culture supernatants of RH 3949 IS15 of Example 1 were used at differenttemperatures (62.5°-65° C.) to degum canola oil according to Example 6.All experiments were carried out at pH 4 and a total water content of5%.

TABLE 1 Degumming of Canola Oil (605 ppm P) With Phospholipase Enzymefrom Culture Supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus RH3949 IS15 and 5%Water Content at pH 4.0 time 62.5° C. 64° C. 65° C. sample designation[min] [ppm P] [ppm P] [ppm P] citric acid 90 115.4 115.4 115.5 180 106.0106.0 101.1 270 85.7 85.7 87.0 360 79.2 79.2 73.7 500 PLU kg⁻¹ 90 76.180.0 97.7 raw oil 180 18.0 51.3 80.4 270 12.6 35.1 64.6 360 10.4 30.053.7 1000 PLU kg⁻¹ 90 35.2 27.3 60.7 raw oil 180 13.3 10.8 31.6 270 10.08.8 23.3 360 7.2 9.5 20.0

The results show a clear degumming effect by the enzyme compared to thewater degumming of citric acid. The effect also depends on the dosage(comparison of 500 PLU kg⁻¹ with 1,000 PLU kg^(Δ1)) and the enzyme maybe used at temperatures up to 65° C. Therefore, the heat stability ofthe enzyme in oil degumming is clearly higher than in the determinationin aqueous solution as carried out in Example 3.

By the separation of the water phase and the mud phase described inExample 6, the enzyme-containing fraction may be recovered and may beadded again to an attempt to degum oil. The following table depicts theresults of up to five repetitions.

TABLE 2 Degumming of Canola Oil (605 ppm P) with Phospholipase Enzymefrom Culture Supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus (RH3949 IS15 and 5%Water Content at pH 4.0, 60° C. and 1,000 PLU per kg Raw Oil Added tothe First Cycle. cycle [ppm P] after 6 h 1 5.4 2 6.0 3 6.3 4 13.6 5 27.4In Any Further Cycle Only the Aqueous Phase (Water and Mud) Was UsedAfter Centrifugation of the Preceding Cycle.

The results show that the enzyme may be used more than three times(i.e., >18 h) without any significant inactivation.

EXAMPLE 8

Results with Enzyme from Culture Supernatants of Recombinant Aspergillusniger Strains with the Gene of A. fumigatus RH 3949 IS15

The recombinant A. niger NRRL3 strains of Example 5, which comprise theplasmids B11B1Hind6, pK3949/9 and pK3949/11, have the designationsRH31019, RH31021 and RH31025. The degumming results of canola oil withthese strains are listed in Table 3. It is shown there that the enzymerecombinantly prepared with Aspergillus niger RH31025 also has the heatstability of the enzyme prepared with wild-type strain Aspergillusfumigatus RH3949 IS15.

TABLE 3 Degumming of Canola Oil (535 ppm P) with Phospholipase Enzyme(1,000 PLU per kg Raw Oil) from Culture Supernatants of Recombinant A.niger Strains with 5% Water Content at pH 4.0 (Not Determined) time 60°C. 64° C. sample designation [min] [ppm P] [ppm P] citric acid 90 84.667.9 180 72.7 47.2 270 53.0 41.3 360 49.7 38.5 RH31019 90 53.2 n.d. 18030.7 n.d. 270 18.5 n.d. 360 8.8 n.d. RH31021 90 63.3 n.d. 180 39.6 n.d.270 34.5 n.d. 360 16.0 n.d. RH31025 90 49.3 26.8 180 25.7 13.9 270 16.76.8 360 11.9 4.8

1. A DNA sequence that encodes a polypeptide with phospholipase activitycharacterized in that the DNA sequence is selected from a) DNA sequencesthat comprise a nucleic sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1, b) DNAsequences that comprise the coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1,c) DNA sequences that encode the protein sequence according to SEQ IDNO: 2, d) DNA sequences that are encoded by the plasmid B11B1Hind6 withthe restriction map according to FIG. 8 and deposited under accessionnumber DSM 18369, e) DNA sequences that hybridize with one of the DNAsequences according to a), b), c) or d) under stringent conditions, f)DNA sequences that are related to the DNA sequences according to a), b),c), d) or e) due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, and g)complementary strands to the sequences according to a) to f).
 2. The DNAsequence according to claim 1 characterized in that the sequence isderived from Aspergillus.
 3. The DNA sequence according to claim 2characterized in that the sequence is derived from Aspergillusfumigatus.
 4. A nucleic acid sequence that comprises an analogue of oneof the sequences according to claim 1 characterized in that the sequenceencodes a polypeptide with phospholipase activity and a) has at least92% identity to one of these sequences or b) hybridizes with one ofthese sequences under stringent conditions or c) is an allelic variantof one of these sequences or d) is a complementary strand to thesequences according to a) to c) wherein the sequence may be obtained bysubstitution, deletion, insertion, addition or mutation of one or morenucleic acid(s) of the DNA sequence according to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 5. Anexpression construct that comprises a sequence according to claim 1 inoperable linkage with one or more sequence(s) to control the expressionof the polypeptide with phospholipase activity in an appropriate hostcell.
 6. The expression construct according to claim 5 characterized inthat the sequence to control the expression of the polypeptide is apromoter selected from the glucoamylase promoter or the α-amylasepromoter of the genus Aspergillus, the cellulase (cellobiohydrolase)promoter of the genus Trichoderma, a promoter for an enzyme in theglycolytic metabolic pathway such as phosphoglycerate kinase or glycerolaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the xylanase promoter or the enolasepromoter.
 7. The expression construct according to claim 5 characterizedin that it further comprises a secretory leader sequence.
 8. Arecombinant host cell characterized in that it was transformed with anexpression construct according to claim
 5. 9. The recombinant host cellaccording to claim 8 characterized in that it is derived from a funguscell of the genus Aspergillus Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Neurospora, Mucoror Penicillium or a yeast cell of the genus Kluyveromyces,Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Trichosporon, Schwanniomyces,Hansenula or Pichia.
 10. A plasmid B11B1Hind6 with the restriction mapaccording to FIG. 8 and deposited under accession number DSM
 18369. 11.A polypeptide with phospholipase activity selected from a) a polypeptidethat is encoded by the coding part of a DNA sequence according to claim1, b) a polypeptide with a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2 or asequence derived therefrom, which is obtainable by substitution,addition, deletion of one or more amino acid(s), c) a polypeptide with asequence that has at least 92% identity to amino acids 33 to 633 of SEQID NO: 2, d) a polypeptide that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequencethat hybridizes under stringent conditions with (i) nucleotides 530 to2388 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) the cDNA sequence included in nucleotides 530to 2388 of SEQ ID NO: 1, (iii) a partial sequence of (i) or (ii) of atleast 100 nucleotides or (iv) a complementary strand of (i), (ii) or(iii), e) a variant of the polypeptide with SEQ ID NO: 2 comprisingsubstitution, deletion and/or insertion of one or more amino acid(s), f)allelic variants to the amino acid sequences a) to e).
 12. A polypeptidewith phospholipase activity characterized in that it has a molecularweight in the range of 63 to 76 kDa and may also be presentunglycosylated as fragments of 18.4 kDa and 46.6 kDa, may hydrolyze atleast one of the two fatty acids of lecithin, shows no lipase activity,has an increased thermostability, and may be isolated from an organismof the genus Aspergillus.
 13. The polypeptide according to claim 12characterized in that it may be isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. 14.The polypeptide according to claim 13 characterized in that it isimmunologically reactive with an antibody directed against the sequenceSEQ ID NO:
 2. 15. The polypeptide according to claim 12 characterized inthat it comprises the sequence according to SEQ ID NO:
 2. 16. Aphospholipase composition characterized in that it comprises apolypeptide according to claim 11 together with additives.
 17. Thephospholipase composition according to claim 16 characterized in that itfurther comprises one or more enzyme(s) for food or animal feed.
 18. Theuse of a polypeptide according to claim 11 or a phospholipasecomposition according to claim 16 for degumming of vegetable oil. 19.The use of a polypeptide according to claim 11 or a phospholipasecomposition according to claim 16 for the preparation of dough and/orbakery products.
 20. The use of a polypeptide according to claim 11 or aphospholipase composition according to claim 16 for the preparation ofdairy products.
 21. The use of a polypeptide according to claim 11 or aphospholipase composition according to claim 16 as additive to animalfeed.
 22. The use of a polypeptide according to claim 11 or aphospholipase composition according to claim 16 for the processing oftextile raw materials.
 23. The process for the production of apolypeptide with phospholipase activity according to claim 11characterized in that a host cell according to claim 8 is grown underconditions that support the expression of the polypeptide andsubsequently the polypeptide is recovered.
 24. A process for degummingof vegetable oil characterized in that a) the vegetable oil that is tobe treated is optionally pre-treated, b) an aqueous solution containinga polypeptide according to claim 11 or a phospholipase compositionaccording to claim 16 is added to the thus optionally pre-treated oil,c) the reaction batch according to b) is heated to a temperature between30° and 70° C. for 1 to 12 h, and d) the aqueous phase is separated fromthe oily phase.